9/1/2023 0 Comments Russian space shuttle cutaway![]() ![]() The threestage version used to launch stations debuted in 1969 and was declared operational in 1970. Proton first flew as a two-stage vehicle in 1965. The three-stage Proton rocket has launched all Soviet space stations and space station modules. Partial cutaway of Proton configured for space station launch. Note the station’s Soyuz-type solar arrays.įigure 2-4. A Salyut 1 Soyuz prepares to dock at the front of the station (right). Visible at the rear of the station (left) is the Soyuz-based propulsion module. Conceptual drawing of Siber multimodule spaceįigure 2-3. DOS-1 was called Zarya (“dawn”) 1 until shortly before its launch, when it was realized thatįigure 2-2. 1 completed the world’s first space station, Long-Duration Station-1 (Russian acronym DOS-1), in just 12 months. Using Soyuz hardware for subsystems and Almaz hardware for large components such as the hull, Korolev’s bureau and OKB-52 Branch No. The transfer was less physical than administrative, because both Energia Soyuz and Mashinostroyeniye Almaz hardware were This was done in hopes it would permit the Soviet Union to launch a space station ahead of the U.S. In February 1970, the Soviet Ministry of General Machine Building decided to transfer Almaz hardware and plans from Chelomei’s bureau to Korolev’s bureau. Work on the Almaz stations proceeded apace, but the subsystems rapidly fell behind the original schedule. 1 (ancestor of KB Salyut) divided responsibility for the system’s components. An interdepartmental commission approved the system in 1967. Almaz was to be equipped with a crew capsule, radar remotesensing apparatus for imaging the Earth’s surface, cameras, two reentry capsules for returning data to Earth, and an antiaircraft cannon to defend against American attack. Chelomei’s three-stage Proton booster would launch them both. They designed an integrated system: a single-launch space station dubbed Almaz (“diamond”) and a Transport Logistics Spacecraft (Russian acronym TKS) for reaching it (see section 3.3). On Octoberġ2, 1964, Chelomei called upon his staff to develop a military station for two to three cosmonauts, with a design life of 1 to 2 years. Chelomei’s OKB-52 organization (ancestor of NPO Mashinostroyeniye). The task of developing the first space station fell to V. However, the Korolev organization was preoccupied with preparing the Soviet entry in the Moon race with the United States. It was to have had a docking module with ports for four Soyuz spacecraft. In 1965, Korolev proposed a 90-ton space station to be launched by the N-1 rocket. Korolev’s Vostok rocket (a converted ICBM) was tapped to launch both Siber and the station modules. They would live in a habitation module and observe Earth from a “sciencepackage” module. Three cosmonauts were to reach the station aboard a manned transport spacecraft called Siber (or Sever) (“north”), shown in figure 2-2. The first space station event relevant to this discussion occurred in March 1962, when Sergei Korolev’s OKB-1 design bureau (ancestor of RKK Energia–until recently, NPO Energia) produced a report called “Complex for the Assembly of Space Vehicles in Artificial Earth Satellite Orbit (the Soyuz).” The report wasĮarth orbit of a vehicle for circumlunar flight, but also described a small station made up of independently launched modules. Space pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovskii wrote about space stations as early as 1903. ![]() The space station concept is very old in Russia. Figure 2-1 is a space station family tree depicting the evolutionary relationships described in this section. ![]()
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